INTRODUCTION
Fisheries is a promising sector in Bangladesh in terms of creating job opportunities, meeting the demand for animal protein, earning of foreign exchange, and gross domestic growth.[1-4] This sector is contributing to protein supplement and livelihood to 80% of the total rural population of Bangladesh.[4,5] It contributes 3.65% of the gross domestic product (GDP), about 1.92% of foreign exchange earning of Bangladesh.[6] Total fish production in our country during 2014–2015 was about 3.68 million metric tons in which 3.08 million metric tons were came from freshwater including culture fisheries and 0.05 million metric tons from marine water together with shrimp.[6]
Most of the people in Bangladesh depend on fish for their animal protein, and it provides 63.00% of animal protein consumption.[7,8] The fisheries subsector contributes 5.38% of GDP.[9] Bangladesh earns a significant amount of foreign currency, i.e., 4.90% of total export earnings from fisheries products.[10]
The sustainability of livelihood depends on the ability to cope with and recover from stress and shocks and maintain to enhance its competences and assets both now and in the future.[11] The access arrangement and assessments of benefits to livelihood are particularly important as social content.[12-14]
The fishermen community is the most vulnerable community in Bangladesh, and they are underprivileged indeed. They are poor by any standard, and over the years, economic ailment of the fishermen had further deteriorated.[15] Alam and Bashar[16] assessed the average per capita annual income of the fishermen families to be BDT 2,442, i.e., about 70% lower than the per capita income of the country as a whole. Being an isolated community, fishermen are deprived from many amenities of life.
The present study was intended to look at the socioeconomic patterns of marginal fishermen communities delimited the Tetulia River of Bhola district, Bangladesh. Fishing in Tetulia plays an incredibly key role in alleviating rural poverty and supplying protein to the deprived fishing community. However, socioeconomic status of this fisherman is not satisfactory; production of fish, as well as the species composition in this river, is also declining day by day.[1-5] Considering the above fact, the present study was carried out to assess the socioeconomic status and constraints faced by the fishermen in the area. After all, the study focused on fisheries - a source of livelihood and the dependence of peoples on it, status and institutional support available, developmental initiatives, and suggestions for the improvements on the fishers community.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The present investigation area was a south-western district “Bhola,” the largest island of Bangladesh [Figure 1]. It is bounded by Lakshmipur and Barisal districts to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the south, by Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts, the (lower) Meghna River and Shahbazpur Channel to the east, and by Patuakhali district, and the Tetulia River to the west.[17] Principally, Lalmohan and Burhanuddin Upazila of Bhola district were selected for the present study [Figure 1]. The areas were selected considering the intensity of fishermen and their fishing activities in Tetulia River.
Figure 1: The study area alongside the Tetulia River in Bhola district, Bangladesh
Collection of Data
The present study was based on field survey among fishermen community. The data were collected from January to December 2014. A total of 200 sample fishermen in the Coast of Tetulia River from the Bhola district were selected. Data were collected through questionnaire interviews by “simple random samplings.” Both individual and group interviews were applied with a diverse degree of effectiveness of the data. In this research, focus group discussion (FGD) was used to get an overview of a particular issues such as constraints of fishing and socioeconomic condition. A total of eight FGD sessions were conducted where each FGD group size was five to seven fishermen. The FGD session was held in front of village shops, under the big trees, fisher’s houses, and school premises. After collecting the data through questionnaire interviews and FGD, crosscheck interviews were conducted.
Data Processing and Analysis
All the collected information and data were scrutinized and summarized carefully before conducting the actual tabulation. The SPSS (version 16.00), Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel 2010 were used to analyze the data. The sitemap was tailored by the “Arc GIS (version 10.3)” software.
The Likert scale with values of 4, 3, 2, and 1 was settled to determine constraints faced by fishers in Tetulia River. In this method, the fishermen were enquired to rate their constraints as “very critical,” “critical,” “to some extent critical,” and not “critical.” The variable mean score of 2.5 was used to discover whether the factor in question was critical or not. The variables with a mean score of 2.5 and above were considered critical while variable with <2.5 was not.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Fishers
In the Tetulia River, both male (97%) and female (3%) fishers were involved with fishing activities to support their families. Table 1 represents the overall socioeconomic and job-related profile of the fishers of Tetulia River. Majority of the fishers was Muslim (77%) whereas the least portion was Hindu (23%). The fisher’s age was from various age levels, comprising a wide range (13–68 years) of age with an average of 34.71 years was common in the fisher’s community. The study represented 81% fishers who lead their life with joint family whereas 67% fishers had medium (4–6 members) family size. Unsatisfactory educational status was observed from the study area where the majority of the fishers were illiterate (59%). Poor housing and sanitation facilities were discovered in the community where 24% lived in mud structured house, and 52% were used unhygienic toilet. Besides this, irregular electricity supply was observed from the study area, where 73% fishers had no electricity in their houses. Among the communities, 100% fishers used tube-well water, wherein Government-provided open-access tube-well was 77%, and 10% was private-owned. Health service facilities were not satisfactory in the fishers community since 33% were depended on village doctor and 21% on local kobiraj.
Table 1: Socioeconomic characters of fishers in the Tetulia River
Job-related Characteristics of Fishers
Most of the fishers ensured that their previous generation was involved with this fishing occupation, as a result, they inspired to involve with this profession. Table 2 represents the overall job-related profile of the fishers on Tetulia River. A wide range (2–43 years) of experienced fishers with an average of 15.06 years was observed in the areas of Tetulia River. The fishermen tried their best to lead a smooth life, but they were incapable because of financial limitations. In the present situation, they could not cope with the rise of the price of the daily essential commodities. Therefore, they had to manage other additional works along with fishing such as agricultural work, day labor, and net mending. The average monthly income of the fishermen was BDT 4500.00. The average annual income of fishermen in the study area was estimated at BDT 54,000.00, indicating better than the national average income of BDT 22,000.[22] The most of the fishermen’s monthly income was 3000.00–5000.00 BDT (61%). Due to poverty, 86% fishers had no saving where 86% of fishers were full-time fishers. In the present study, it was found that 40% of the fishers used their own capital for fishing, while 35% of fishers received money from a lender (traditionally called “Mahajon”), 8% received ordinary social status wherein 2 loan from bank, 15% from non-government organization (NGO), and 2% from other sources. Most the fishers (85%) had percentage were local leaders, and 13% were respectable persons in the society [Table 1].
Table 2: Job-related information of fishers in the Tetulia River
Partial Correlation among the Different Variables
Age and experience of fishermen were positively correlated (r = 0.949, P = 0.01), which shows the experience of fishermen steadily increased with the momentary of year. Partial correlations within different variables are presented in Table 3. Figure 2 demonstrated the strong relationship between age and experience. Age and income exposed negative correlation (r = −0.292, P = 0.01) between income and experience [Figure 3]. Age and income were negatively correlated (r = −0.279, P = 0.01), which predict that income was not increased with increasing age. Income and savings presented the moderate positive correlations (r = 0.673, P = 0.01) because saving always depended on income. Income and fishing type exposed moderate positive correlation (r = 0.603, p = 0.01), which predict that income was dominated by full-time fishers.
Figure 2: Regression curve of the age and experience of fishers
Figure 3: Regression curve of income and experience
Table 3: Partial correlation among different variables of the fishermen
Socioeconomic Constraints of the Fishermen
Most of the fishermen were facing a range of difficulties during fishing and other socioeconomic activities. The main problem was documented as lack of education due to poverty. Most of the fishermen were very poor, and they have limited resource to buy nets and other fishing crafts.
The Likert scale technique was used to analyze the constraints faced by the fishers of Tetulia River [Table 4]. The table revealed that the shortage of sufficient fishing crafts, climate-changing problems, lack of credit facilities, river erosion, lack of education due to poverty, poor housing condition, and the lack of electricity were critical in the studied area, while, the lack of fishing gears and household pressure for large-size family were not found to be critical.
Table 4: Constraints faced by the fishers of the Tetulia River
Problem Tree Analysis
A problem tree analysis can represent the problems, causes, and effects diagrammatically. In the present investigation, problem tree analysis was utilized to find the reasons for declining in fisheries resources and its effect on the living standard of fishers’ community.[28] Brainstorming technique was applied to analysis the problem of fishermen in Tetulia River [Figure 4]. This tree analysis demonstrated that four major reasons were responsible for the degradation of aquatic biodiversity, namely capture of immature fishes, water pollution, habitat degradation, and indiscriminate fishing.
Figure 4: Problem tree analysis indicating the causes of reduction of fisheries production in the Tetulia River, Bangladesh
CONCLUSION
The study demonstrates that fisheries resources are the main support for the livelihood of the population. They earn a little per day for their livelihood and try their best to increase income for take care of their family. The fishermen are needed to be educated and trained to build consciousness as well as to improve their socioeconomic condition. Some forms of NGO’s activities can ensure the improvement of fishermen status. In addition, health facilities can be ensured by the government assistance. Most of the fishermen use traditional fishing equipment, and they are incapable to sail further for fishing because of limited financial capacity. It is, therefore, recommended that the government and industrial companies should plan to enhance fisheries activities, provide adequate mitigating strategies, and encourage the expansion of alternative occupation. The complexities of the poor are diverse, which need to be addressed through a holistic approach regarding future fisheries development programs.